Recognizing the stories behind individuals’ concerns with vaccines can aid public health advocates in forming a more inclusive healthcare approach.
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Vaccine skepticism is as old as vaccines themselves. In 19th-century England, mandatory smallpox vaccines led to public protests. These protests were driven by beliefs that the vaccines infringed on civil rights and personal bodily integrity.
In the United States, organized resistance to vaccination emerged with the creation of the Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League of Brooklyn in 1894. Such movements highlight the longstanding nature of vaccine hesitancy and its roots in societal and personal beliefs.

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